Polkadot (DOT) Taxes 2026: Staking, Crowdloans, and Agile Coretime

DOT is property for U.S. tax purposes

Under IRS Notice 2014-21, Polkadot's DOT token — like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and all other cryptocurrencies — is treated as property for U.S. federal income tax purposes.¹ Every disposal of DOT triggers gain or loss recognition equal to the fair market value received minus the cost basis of the specific units disposed of. The character of the gain (short-term, taxed as ordinary income up to 40.8% combined federal; or long-term, taxed at preferential rates) depends on whether you held the specific DOT lots for more than 12 months.

Taxable disposal events for DOT include:

• Selling DOT for U.S. dollars or stablecoins on Coinbase, Kraken, Binance.US, or any centralized exchange
• Trading DOT for another token on HydraDX, Acala DEX, or any decentralized exchange in the Polkadot ecosystem
• Bridging DOT to Moonbeam as xcDOT — under the conservative tax position, this is a taxable exchange (see DeFi section below)
• Providing DOT or xcDOT as liquidity to a DeFi protocol and later withdrawing at a different ratio
• Depositing DOT into a liquid staking protocol (Acala for LDOT, Bifrost for vDOT) — under the conservative position, a taxable exchange occurs at deposit
• Purchasing Coretime on the Polkadot relay chain: the DOT spent to acquire Coretime is a taxable disposal at its fair market value on the transaction date
• Collateral DOT liquidated by a lending protocol on Acala or HydraDX

Not taxable events: Transferring DOT between Substrate addresses you control (same economic owner), delegating DOT to a validator or nominating validators (bonding), changing your nominated validator set, receiving a gift of DOT, moving DOT to a ledger device, and the 28-day unbonding waiting period itself (unbonding is not a disposal — see below).

2026 federal capital gains rates on DOT

DOT gains follow the same federal rate schedule as all other crypto property. For 2026, rates on net long-term capital gains stacked on top of ordinary income are:²

Short-term DOT gains (held 12 months or less) are taxed as ordinary income at rates up to 37% federal plus 3.8% NIIT. The 2026 standard deduction is $16,100 for single filers and $32,200 for married filing jointly, which effectively expands each taxable income bracket by the deduction amount before long-term gains are layered on top. Use the crypto bracket calculator to model how much DOT you can sell at the 0% or 15% rate given your specific income situation.

DOT staking: era-based payouts and the 84-era forfeiture window

Polkadot operates on a Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) model. Every 24 hours constitutes one era. At the end of each era, the network calculates staking rewards for active validators and all nominators whose DOT backed them. However, those rewards are not automatically credited to your account.

Reward distribution requires a discrete on-chain transaction — specifically the staking.payoutStakers extrinsic — to be submitted for each validator, for each era, within 84 eras of that era ending. Validators typically trigger this payout for their nominators, but any account can permissionlessly call it. Once the payout call is submitted, staking rewards are minted and distributed directly to each nominator's account in the same transaction.

The 84-era forfeiture rule: If staking.payoutStakers is not called for a given validator/era combination within 84 eras (approximately 84 days), those rewards are permanently lost on-chain and can never be recovered. This is a hard protocol rule, not a soft timeout. It differs meaningfully from Cosmos Hub staking rewards, which remain claimable indefinitely.

Tax timing: constructive receipt vs. actual receipt

The 84-era window creates a genuine question about when a DOT nominator has "dominion and control" over staking rewards — the standard under Rev. Rul. 2023-14 for when staking rewards become ordinary income.³ Two positions are in active use:

The 84-era window changes the planning calculus compared to ATOM: Unlike Cosmos Hub — where rewards can be deferred indefinitely — DOT stakers can only defer recognition to the extent the payout has not yet been triggered within the current 84-era window. For a nominator who monitors payout status and plans the claim date, there is limited but real opportunity to shift reward income across tax-year boundaries (e.g., defer December era payouts into January). For a nominator who relies entirely on the validator to trigger payouts, there may be no deferral opportunity at all if the validator calls the payout daily.

• Cost basis = FMV at payout date (actual-receipt position). Each DOT reward received has a cost basis equal to the DOT/USD price on the payout date. Subsequent appreciation above that basis is capital gain on disposal; a decline is capital loss.
• SE tax does not apply to passive nominators. Nominating validators and receiving delegation rewards does not constitute a trade or business. The 15.3%/2.9% SE tax applies to validators operating infrastructure, not to passive nominators. Staking income earned by nominators is ordinary income subject to regular income tax, not SE tax.
• Quarterly estimated taxes. If cumulative staking income plus other income will exceed your withholding by more than $1,000, quarterly estimated payments may be required. The safe-harbor threshold is 100% of last year's tax liability (110% if prior-year AGI exceeded $150,000) or 90% of the current year's actual tax. For a large DOT position earning 12–15% APR in staking yield, the quarterly income is meaningful and should be included in payment calculations.

Nomination pools: a separate claim model for smaller holders

Polkadot's nomination pools allow DOT holders with small amounts (below the minimum direct nominator bond, which has varied but has been in the range of several hundred DOT depending on network conditions) to pool their stake and participate in NPoS staking collectively. Pool members earn a pro-rata share of the pool's staking rewards.

Nomination pool rewards do not arrive in a member's wallet automatically. They accumulate inside the pool as a claimable balance. To receive them, a pool member must actively submit a claim rewards transaction on the Polkadot Staking Dashboard or via the nominationPools.claimRewards extrinsic. Alternatively, members can compound by restaking the accumulated rewards back into the pool.

The tax treatment of nomination pool rewards follows the same constructive-receipt vs. actual-receipt framework as direct nominator rewards. If you use a nomination pool, your crypto tax software needs to import your on-chain pool history — specifically the individual claim transactions — to correctly record income at the right FMV on the right date. Default FIFO treatment without the pool claim history will produce incorrect basis records.

Pool compounding is a distinct tax event. If you click "Compound" rather than "Claim," the rewards are credited to the pool and increase your pool share. Under both the conservative and actual-receipt tax positions, the compound transaction is a recognition event: the reward tokens become income at FMV on the compounding date, and the increased pool position reflects a higher-basis stake. The transaction is mechanically different from never receiving the tokens — your account's pool share actually increases, establishing dominion and control at compounding.

The 28-day unbonding period: liquidity risk, not a tax event

When you decide to unstake bonded DOT, you initiate an unbonding period of 28 days. During this period, your DOT is locked and earns no staking rewards. After 28 days, the unbonded DOT can be transferred.

The unbonding period is not a taxable event. You retain ownership of the DOT throughout; no disposal occurs; no gain or loss is recognized. The DOT's holding period (for long-term vs. short-term capital gain treatment) continues to run through the unbonding period without interruption.

The practical planning implication is liquidity: if you decide at year-end to sell a large DOT position to harvest gains or losses in a specific tax year, the 28-day unbonding delay means you need to initiate unstaking approximately a month before you want to transact. For a planned Q4 sale, initiating unbonding no later than early December is prudent. Missing the year-end window due to the unbonding period has forced DOT holders to roll a sale into the following tax year at an unplanned time.

Parachain crowdloans: historical DOT locks and reward token income

From late 2021 through 2024, Polkadot allocated parachain slots through candle auctions. DOT holders could contribute their DOT to a crowdloan to support a project's bid. In exchange for locking DOT for the duration of the parachain lease (up to 96 weeks), contributors received the project's native tokens as rewards — GLMR (Moonbeam), ASTR (Astar), HDX (HydraDX), PARA (Parallel Finance), and others.

This structure raises two distinct tax questions:

Question 1: Is contributing DOT to a crowdloan a taxable disposal?

The dominant practitioner position is no — contributing DOT to a Polkadot crowdloan is not a taxable disposal for U.S. tax purposes. The mechanics support this conclusion: when you contribute to a crowdloan, your DOT is escrowed on-chain and returned to you at the end of the parachain lease, if the auction fails, or if you withdraw during the contribution period before the auction closes. You never transfer ownership of the DOT to a third party; the protocol holds it in a lockup on your behalf and returns it in kind.

This is analogous to the treatment of crypto-collateralized loans: placing assets into a controlled lockup does not constitute a taxable sale when ownership is retained and the assets are returned. The IRS has not issued specific guidance on Polkadot crowdloans. The conservative practice is to document your chosen position (no taxable disposal at contribution; cost basis and holding period preserved through the lockup period) in your tax workpapers.

Holding period through the lockup: If you contributed DOT with a cost basis established in 2020 and the parachain lease ran through 2023, your holding period ran continuously. The DOT returned at lease expiration retains its original holding period and original cost basis for any subsequent disposal. If you contributed DOT purchased in early 2021 and received it back in late 2022, it had a long-term holding period of more than 12 months at the time of return — any sale thereafter at a gain qualifies for long-term capital gains rates.

Question 2: Are crowdloan reward tokens taxable income?

Yes — crowdloan reward tokens are ordinary income under Rev. Rul. 2019-24 and the general principles of Notice 2014-21.⁴ When a parachain project distributes GLMR, ASTR, HDX, or any other token to crowdloan contributors, those tokens are includible in gross income at their fair market value on the date the contributor gains dominion and control — typically the date the tokens are credited to the contributor's Polkadot address or unlocked from a vesting schedule.

Crowdloan rewards were sometimes distributed immediately at parachain launch and sometimes vested over the duration of the lease period. Vesting schedules affect the income recognition dates: each vesting tranche becomes income when it unlocks and is accessible, not on the original contribution date. If you received tokens on a multi-month vesting schedule, you have one income event per vesting release at that release's FMV.

Polkadot 2.0: Agile Coretime and what it changes for taxes

In October 2025, Polkadot fully deployed Agile Coretime across its relay chain (Polkadot SDK 2509 release). The old parachain slot auction model — which required 2-year DOT lockups via crowdloans — has been replaced. Projects now purchase "Coretime" (blockspace on the relay chain) either on-demand (for immediate, single-block use) or in bulk (for a 28-day allocation period). Crowdloans as a mechanism are effectively sunset; existing parachain slot holders migrated to Coretime allocations.

Tax treatment of Coretime purchases

When a development team purchases Coretime with DOT, that DOT is a taxable disposal. The team recognizes a capital gain or loss equal to the fair market value of the Coretime received (or the DOT's fair market value at the time of the transaction, as both sides of the exchange are valued) minus their cost basis in the DOT spent. Since March 14, 2026, 80% of Coretime sales revenue is burned from circulation — but the burning happens at the protocol level, not as a direct tax event for the purchaser. The taxable event for the purchaser is the disposal of DOT to acquire the Coretime.

For most individual DOT investors who do not operate parachains or purchase Coretime, this section is not directly relevant. It applies to founders and operators building on Polkadot who hold DOT as a treasury asset for operational expenses.

JAM upgrade: not yet live as of mid-2026

The Join-Accumulate Machine (JAM) is Polkadot's next-generation chain upgrade intended to replace the relay chain. A public JAM testnet launched in January 2026 with independent teams building implementations across 15 programming languages. As of the date of this writing (July 2026), JAM is not live on Polkadot mainnet. No taxable migration event has occurred. When and if a DOT migration to a JAM-compatible format is announced, the same unsettled tax framework that applied to the MATIC-to-POL migration will likely apply — both the taxable-exchange and non-taxable same-asset-rebrand positions would need to be analyzed against the specific mechanics at that time.

Liquid staking: LDOT, vDOT, and staking receipt tokens

Several protocols offer liquid DOT staking, allowing holders to maintain liquidity while earning staking yields. The most established are Acala Finance (LDOT — Liquid DOT) and Bifrost (vDOT — voucher DOT). In each case, you deposit DOT and receive a liquid receipt token. The receipt token appreciates in value relative to DOT over time as staking rewards accrue inside the protocol.

The tax treatment follows the same unsettled framework as liquid staking on Ethereum, Solana, and Cosmos:

• Conservative position: Depositing DOT for LDOT or vDOT is a taxable exchange — you dispose of DOT at its fair market value on the deposit date (recognizing capital gain or loss relative to your DOT cost basis) and acquire the liquid staking token at that same FMV as its new cost basis. On redemption, you dispose of the liquid token at FMV and acquire DOT. The staking income component is the appreciation in the token's DOT-denominated exchange rate — recognized either as it accrues (mark-to-market approach, rarely used) or entirely upon redemption (realized-at-exit approach). The conservative position reduces audit risk in the absence of IRS guidance specifically addressing liquid staking.
• Aggressive position: The liquid staking deposit is not a taxable exchange — it is economically a receipt for the same DOT. The IRS has not adopted this position for any liquid staking protocol.

Apply consistent treatment across all liquid staking activity and document your chosen position. Your crypto tax software should import liquid staking protocol data separately from your main Polkadot address history, as the receipt tokens trade under different symbols and may not be auto-detected as related to DOT.

DeFi on Polkadot: HydraDX, Acala, and Moonbeam

Polkadot's connected parachain ecosystem supports DeFi activity across multiple chains. Each swap, LP deposit, or borrow event that involves a taxable disposal follows the same property rules.

HydraDX (HDX) — omnipool DEX

HydraDX is the primary DEX hub on Polkadot's asset hub, operating an omnipool model where liquidity is aggregated across assets. Every swap on HydraDX is a taxable disposal of the asset sold at its FMV on the transaction date. If you swap DOT for HDX, USDC, or any other token, you recognize capital gain or loss on the DOT at its FMV minus your DOT cost basis. The HDX or other token received has a new cost basis equal to the FMV of what you paid. LP deposits raise the same conservative-vs-aggressive question as all DeFi AMM positions.

Acala DEX and LDOT ecosystem

Acala hosts a DEX alongside its liquid staking (LDOT) and stablecoin (aUSD, now deprecated in its original form) products. Swaps on Acala's DEX are taxable disposals. The earlier aUSD depeg event in April 2022 — when a contract exploit caused aUSD to lose its peg — is a historical event that may have created capital losses for holders of the affected positions; if you held aUSD through the depeg and have not recorded the loss, it may be available as a capital loss on disposal of the depegged aUSD (when you sold or wrote it off entirely).

Moonbeam (GLMR) and xcDOT bridging

Moonbeam is an EVM-compatible Polkadot parachain that allows Ethereum-native developers and users to interact with Polkadot-bridged assets. When you send DOT from the Polkadot relay chain to Moonbeam, you receive xcDOT (cross-chain DOT) on the Moonbeam EVM. The conservative tax position is that this cross-chain bridge transfer is a taxable exchange — you dispose of DOT at FMV and acquire xcDOT (a different on-chain token, even if economically equivalent) with xcDOT's FMV as the new cost basis. On the reverse bridge, the same applies: you dispose of xcDOT and receive DOT. This treatment is consistent with how most practitioners handle EVM-compatible bridge transfers where the wrapped token is technically a different asset on a different chain. Document your position; if you treat the xcDOT bridge as non-taxable (the aggressive position), apply it consistently across all such transfers and note the unsettled guidance.

Harvesting DOT losses — no wash-sale restriction

Polkadot reached an all-time high of approximately $55.13 on November 4, 2021.⁵ DOT buyers from the 2021 bull market who still hold those lots at a price below their acquisition cost carry harvestable unrealized losses. Under current law, cryptocurrency is not a "security" under IRC §1091 — the wash-sale rule does not apply.⁶

You can sell underwater DOT lots at a loss and immediately repurchase the same amount of DOT without triggering the wash-sale disallowance that applies to stocks and bonds. The loss is immediately deductible; your repurchased DOT resets to a current-market cost basis.

Loss character and netting order matter. Long-term DOT losses (held more than 12 months) first net against long-term capital gains; short-term losses first net against short-term gains. Because short-term gains are taxed at ordinary income rates up to 40.8% while the maximum long-term rate is 23.8%, short-term capital losses carry the higher per-dollar tax value. If you hold both short-term and long-term DOT loss lots, prioritize harvesting short-term lots first. See the crypto tax loss harvesting guide for the complete netting hierarchy.

Planning strategies for large DOT positions

Early DOT holders — 2019 Web3 Foundation private sale participants at $0.29, 2020 exchange listing buyers, or 2020–2021 accumulation-phase holders — face the classic concentrated-position problem: a very low cost basis, a large potential gain, a volatile asset, and real uncertainty about the regulatory and technical trajectory. The planning toolkit for large DOT positions mirrors what applies to Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana:

1. Multi-year tranche selling to manage bracket exposure. A married couple with $200,000 of ordinary income can realize up to approximately $414,000 of long-term DOT gains at the 15% LTCG rate before crossing into the 20%+NIIT zone in 2026. Spread across two or three tax years, a seven-figure DOT position can often be meaningfully reduced with an average federal rate well below 20%. Use the crypto bracket calculator to model how much additional long-term gain fits in your current-year bracket before each year-end.
2. Initiate unbonding before the target sale date. The 28-day unbonding period means any DOT sale requires advance planning. For a planned sale in late December to capture gains or losses in a specific tax year, unbonding must begin no later than early December. If you are planning a large sale in the first quarter, unbonding should begin in January. Factor the unbonding timeline into every liquidity plan.
3. Specific lot identification before every sale. If you acquired DOT across multiple tranches — 2019 private sale, 2020 exchange listing, 2021 bull run, 2022 capitulation-buying — designating your highest-basis lots for sale first reduces recognized gain per transaction. This election must be made before the trade executes and recorded in your tax software. On a position with lots ranging from $0.29 to $55, specific lot identification is enormously high-leverage — and requires that your software has correctly imported all historical acquisition events, including staking reward payouts and any crowdloan returns.
4. Donate appreciated DOT directly to a donor-advised fund. Contributing long-term appreciated DOT directly to a DAF eliminates the capital gain entirely. You receive a fair-market-value charitable deduction; the DAF sells the DOT without recognizing gain. On a $200,000 DOT position with a $500 basis, direct DAF contribution saves approximately $47,400 of combined federal capital gains and NIIT (at the 20%+3.8% combined rate) versus selling first and donating cash. See the crypto charitable giving guide for the 2026 deduction mechanics under OBBBA.
5. Step-up in basis at death for very large, low-basis positions. DOT held until death receives a full basis step-up to fair market value under IRC §1014, eliminating the embedded gain for heirs entirely. For 2019 private sale participants with positions in the tens of millions, the hold-to-death path — evaluated alongside the $15M estate exemption (OBBBA 2025, permanent) — can preserve dramatically more family wealth than a lifetime sale. See the crypto estate planning guide for self-custody wallet inheritance mechanics, including Polkadot's Substrate key management.

Staking history reconstruction: era payouts and pool claims

Polkadot's staking history is fully on-chain and queryable via the Subscan block explorer or Polkadot's public RPC endpoints. However, reconstructing the correct ordinary income amount for each era payout requires pairing each payout transaction with the DOT/USD price at the exact block timestamp — a task that requires dedicated blockchain analytics tools, not just a transaction list from an exchange.

Common gaps in DOT staking history include:

• Missed payout events: If a validator triggered payouts frequently but your tax software only ingested exchange-side data, individual payout events may appear as unexplained inflows without the corresponding income classification. Each one is ordinary income.
• Nomination pool claims: Pool claim transactions are a separate extrinsic from direct nominator payouts and may not be auto-detected as staking income by all platforms.
• Crowdloan reward distributions: If you received GLMR, ASTR, HDX, or other crowdloan reward tokens in 2022, those distributions should appear as ordinary income on your 2022 return. If they were missed and you subsequently sold the tokens through a covered broker (Coinbase, Kraken), there is a cost-basis gap that the IRS may now see through Form 1099-DA reporting.

If any of these gaps apply to your history, the correction approach depends on which years are affected, whether original returns were filed accurately, and what amounts are involved. A crypto-aware CPA can reconstruct the full wallet history, calculate the correct income per payout event, and advise on amended return strategy relative to any planned DOT liquidation.

When to bring in a crypto-aware financial advisor

A fee-only advisor who works with Polkadot positions coordinates the decisions that interact across staking, tax, liquidity, and estate dimensions: multi-year sale sequencing, lot selection across fragmented acquisition history, the unbonding timeline for planned sales, crowdloan reward income cleanup, charitable giving analysis for appreciated positions, and estate planning for Substrate key custody.

The conversation typically makes sense when:

• DOT holdings exceed $250,000 and a partial liquidation or diversification plan is on the horizon within 12–24 months
• Unreported crowdloan reward income (GLMR, ASTR, HDX, or other parachain project tokens) from 2022 needs to be reconciled before a large DOT sale that could attract IRS scrutiny to the broader crypto history
• Nomination pool rewards or direct era payouts have accumulated without systematic tax tracking, creating a potential underreported staking income situation
• The position dates from the 2019 private sale or 2020 exchange listing — basis records and staking payout history from 5+ years ago often require reconstruction work before filing or transacting can proceed cleanly
• Liquid staking positions (LDOT or vDOT) or DeFi activity across HydraDX, Acala, or Moonbeam have generated a substantial transaction volume without consistent cost-basis tracking

Tax savings from optimal lot selection and multi-year bracket management on a six- or seven-figure DOT position routinely exceed an advisor's annual fee many times over. A fee-only advisor earns no product commissions; the engagement focuses entirely on reducing your tax cost and protecting your long-term financial position.

Get matched with a crypto-aware financial advisor

Tell us about your DOT position — size, approximate cost basis, whether you have years of era payouts or crowdloan rewards to sort out, and what decision is in front of you. We will match you with a fee-only advisor who has worked with concentrated Polkadot positions: staking income planning, multi-year sale sequencing, unbonding timeline coordination, charitable giving of appreciated digital assets, and estate planning for Substrate key custody.

Fee-only focus - No obligation - Privacy-minded matching - Built for concentrated-position planning

Back to homepage · Run the tax reserve calculator · Crypto capital gains tax 2026 · Staking and DeFi income taxes · Tax loss harvesting without wash sales · Cosmos (ATOM) taxes 2026 · Ethereum taxes 2026

1. IRS, Notice 2014-21 — virtual currency treated as property for U.S. federal income tax purposes; general tax principles for property transactions apply to DOT and all Polkadot ecosystem tokens; every disposal (sale, trade, spend, DEX swap, Coretime purchase) triggers gain or loss recognition at fair market value.
2. IRS Rev. Proc. 2025-32; Tax Foundation, 2026 Federal Tax Brackets and Rates — 2026 LTCG rates: 0% to $49,450 single / $98,900 MFJ; 15% to $545,500 / $613,700; 20% above; standard deduction $16,100 single / $32,200 MFJ; NIIT 3.8% at MAGI above $200,000 / $250,000 (IRC §1411, non-indexed). // 2026 LTCG brackets per IRS Rev. Proc. 2025-32
3. IRS, Revenue Ruling 2023-14 — staking rewards from proof-of-stake networks are includible in gross income as ordinary income at fair market value on the date the taxpayer gains dominion and control over the reward tokens; the ruling arose from a Tezos staking fact pattern; Polkadot's era-based payout model with the 84-era forfeiture window was not directly addressed. The constructive receipt vs. actual-receipt question for Polkadot NPoS rewards is unsettled. // Rev. Rul. 2023-14, staking income ordinary at dominion and control
4. IRS, Revenue Ruling 2019-24 — hard forks and airdrops: when a taxpayer receives new cryptocurrency and has dominion and control over the new tokens, the fair market value is includible as ordinary income; applied by analogy to Polkadot parachain crowdloan reward token distributions (GLMR, ASTR, HDX, etc.) credited to contributors' Polkadot addresses at parachain launch or per the project's vesting schedule. // Rev. Rul. 2019-24, airdrop/reward token income
5. CoinMarketCap, Polkadot historical data — DOT all-time high of $55.13 reached November 4, 2021; provides context for loss harvesting analysis for buyers from the late 2021 bull market period who still hold positions above current market prices.
6. IRC §1091; IRS, Topic No. 409 Capital Gains and Losses — wash-sale disallowance rule under IRC §1091 applies to securities (stocks, bonds); cryptocurrency is treated as property, not as a security under current U.S. law, so IRC §1091 does not apply to DOT or any other digital asset disposals. No legislation extending wash-sale rules to digital assets has been enacted as of the date of this writing. // IRC §1091 wash sale does not apply to crypto property

Tax values verified July 2026 against IRS Rev. Proc. 2025-32. Staking income treatment per Revenue Ruling 2023-14 (July 2023). Crowdloan reward token income treatment per Revenue Ruling 2019-24 by analogy. The constructive receipt vs. actual-receipt question for Polkadot era-based staking payouts is unsettled — the IRS has not issued DOT-specific or Polkadot-specific guidance. The 84-era forfeiture window distinguishes Polkadot's staking timing question from Cosmos Hub's indefinitely claimable reward model. Crowdloan contribution tax treatment (non-disposal of DOT) reflects the dominant practitioner position; the IRS has not issued guidance specifically on Polkadot crowdloan mechanics. Polkadot 2.0 Agile Coretime deployment status per Polkadot SDK 2509 release (October 2025); JAM testnet status per Polkadot Foundation announcements (January 2026). Wash-sale exemption reflects current U.S. law as of July 2026.